Why We Dont Give Each Other a Break Annoyed Peeved The Fundamental Attribution Error Explains It All.

Why We Dont Give Each Other a Break Annoyed Peeved The Fundamental Attribution Error Explains It All. MODERN DAY FAIRYTALEOnce upon a time and from a hazy distance, Rose could hear the alarm ringing. Or was it so? Could it be 5:50 a.m. already?! Thank heavens, its Friday.That bloody nightclub in the open was playing loud music again just across the street. It was past three in the morning when they finished. They had a celebrity guest again or whatever. Rose no longer kept track. She just knew she was losing sleep because of it.Relieved it was Friday at least, she went to take a shower. As she got in, a gust of freezing water poured down on her. Oh, no, Rose, you forgot to turn on the bloody heater again. How could you?! OK, never mind! Just get on with it and hope you dont get sick during the day. And then an even colder realisation â€" its not even Friday today. Its only Thursday!Still not being fully awake, she dressed, took her car keys and left the apartment. Her ears were still ringing from the loud music from across the street last night. As she reached her car, she saw that a n idiot had blocked her!Of course, it was the self-righteous dude who always had to make a stop right there where he blocked two cars simultaneously. But why me?! And why today?! To make matters even worse, I am late!As she reached work, the ever-annoying co-worker and bosss pet started babbling some nonsense about how his old mum made this or that for lunch (as if she cared!).And thats when finally Rose snapped! Words she said, and she said plenty of them. And pleasant they were â€" not.Naturally, she turned out to be the rude, impolite, and impertinent, even a discriminating (?!) you know what and so long and so forth. Not my day definitely!INTRODUCTIONModern-day society has brought about so many complexities we need to face and deal with on a daily basis.There are so many things we are trying to process and understand that we sometimes lose track of what is going on behind the (figurative) curtain.The fact that we get lost in our imagination sometimes leads to certain conclusions which often turn out not to be true.When given certain inputs, and specifically when given an insufficient one, we start creating conclusions which are commonly astray.While passing by a park, you hear a child crying, and you deduce how spoilt it is. What if the child had fallen off a bike a few seconds ago but you didn’t witness the act?Whatever the situation, our brain seems to be programmed to make its own conclusions and choices whether we like it or not and no matter if the original input is complete.Upon being presented or faced with a situation, we inevitably reach a conclusion which somehow seems to be the logical one at the given moment even if we have only seen the tip of the iceberg.Our capacity to make such faulty conclusions is a quality which is characteristic of every human being. Throughout the article, we will try to point out some of the key notions concerning this topic.THE BIRTH OF FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERRORDuring the 1960s, the psychology was already a wel l-established science with multiple disciplines. Much research was made and experiments conducted all with the goal of studying the human mind in detail.Though the field was thriving, many experiments which were conducted then are considered somewhat unethical from the present-day point of view.Hereinafter, we will briefly comment on one of the rather interesting experiments performed during the sixties.Some of the people who were interested in studying the field deeper were the American psychologists, teacher and student, Edward E. Jones and Victor Harris respectively.They were interested in social psychology which deals with how somebody’s presence (real or imaginary) influences somebody else’s thoughts and feelings.To get some specific results in their study, they conducted a bit atypical experiment.The idea behind their experiment was to show how people freely ascribe behaviours to natural disposition and chance directed behaviours to the situation.So, what Jones and Harris did was distributing essays on Fidel Castro (quite an important topic at the time!) that the subjects had to read and then make a conclusion about how much the author likes or dislikes Castro.Since the subjects believed that the authors of the articles wrote, i.e. read, cons or pros based on their own opinions, they rated those with positive comments as supporting Castro and those with negative ones as opposing Castro.However, when subjects were told that the authors randomly received the task to write pros and cons, they still on average claimed that those who wrote pros are “fans” of Fidel Castro.So, the subjects in this experiment almost completely disregarded the situational factor even though they knew the circumstances under which the authors wrote and they projected some internal attribution towards the writers.A few years after Jones and Harriss experiment, another American psychologist, Lee Ross, who was also interested in social psychology, coined the phrase fundamenta l attribution error.In his paper, Ross argued how fundamental attribution error represents the conceptual bedrock for the field of social psychology.WHAT IS THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR?Before we shift our focus to the Fundamental Attribution Error, there is another psychological term we need to explain which will help us understand the concept we are dealing with.The point of our current concern is attribution theory.It is a concept developed in the early 20th century which explains how people are prone to attribution, i.e. the process in which the individuals explain the causes of behaviour and events.The explanation models in these processes are also known as the attribution theory.The attribution theory manifests itself as internal and external. The internal type is also known as dispositional attribution.It is a process where we perceive certain internal characteristics as causes of somebody’s behaviour, disregarding the external factor in the process.On the contrary, ex ternal attribution is also called situational attribution. This process refers to interpreting someones behaviour as being caused by the situation that the individual is in, leaving no place for internal influences.So, to simplify, attribution theory states that we have a tendency to explain someone’s behaviour in terms of their personality and disposition (Internal), or in terms of the situation (External). Now that we have got acquainted with the attribution theory, we can move on to fundamental attribution error. So, what may fundamental attribution error be?Fundamental attribution error is a concept in social psychology that explains how people tend to (unjustly) emphasize the agents internal characteristics (character or intention), rather than external factors, in explaining other peoples behaviour, as opposed to interpreting their own actions.This concept is also known as attribution effect or the correspondence bias.To make the concept more understandable we can say that t he fundamental attribution error is the tendency people have to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors in judging the behaviour of other people.This is precisely why the fundamental attribution error explains how we more often so than not prone to judge others harshly while letting ourselves easily off the hook by rationalizing our own unethical behaviour.The notion of how we make the fundamental attribution error about other people but rarely ourselves is a rather interesting one.When  we  do things, we  always  have a good reason. It’s other people we see as faulty.This tendency of ours to rationalize our behaviour while ridiculing and judging someone else’s is best explained as fundamental attribution bias.This is the characteristic recognized in any human being.If you are still having some doubts about terminology, note the keyword in the concept might be the word error. We mentioned already how we unjustly emphasize somebody else’s faulty be haviour.This is precisely why we are erroneous here, in a way of speaking, since we are making a big mistake by making conclusions about the behaviour of others without knowing what they are dealing with currently. HOW DOES FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR WORK â€" REAL LIFE EXAMPLESFundamental attribution error is a rather interesting concept we can come across on a daily basis.From art stereotypes to everyday situation, the examples are beyond count.Before we go into some additional examples which are typically encountered, let us go back to our Modern Fairytale from the beginning of the article.1. Rose and the Co-WorkersOur modern hero Rose has been struggling with a rather serious situation. Lack of sleep is a real issue especially taking into consideration the fast way of life people live today.So, this is already a trigger for Rose to be edgy and wanting to be left alone. Additionally, no hot water, realising there is one more day before the weekend additional cause Rose to be ir ritable.The situation was only worsened by getting late to work and being bothered by the irrelevant details of someone domestic life. So, how come that Rose turned out to be the villain in the story?Well, that is quite easy. Rose’s colleagues (and their psychology at work), being fully unaware of the external situation she had been dealing with for days, jumped to a conclusion. This conclusion of theirs was a completely erroneous one.They simply attributed her behaviour to her intrinsic quality of being a bad person.In the process, they disregarded the possibility of an external stimulus causing Rose’s outburst.2. Tom and the ExamsJudged by his classmates, Tom has been struggling with exams for quite some time now. Specifically, the calculus was giving him so much trouble.His classmates also observed that he seems as completely uninterested to finish his graduate studies. What additionally confuses them is the fact that he used to be such a brilliant student and a great friend who managed to stay optimistic no matter what.On the other hand, Tom is genuinely sick and tired of everything. When he goes back to his dorm after class, if he attended it in the first place, he just wants to crawl back in bed and be left alone.His younger sister has eloped with a local junkie, the mother is worried sick, the father is almost unaware of the situation, being sedated half of the time due to a failing kidney.Tom feels like he’s carrying the weight of the world on his shoulders and it’s a heavy burden for a twenty-year-old.This is why his interest in studying has faded. He is giving his best, but he’s just had enough of everything.As we can see, Tom’s friends are not aware of the situation that he has found himself in. They just see what lies on the surface.For them, Tom became lazy and uncaring, even irresponsible since he is disregarding his studies.On the other hand, they are missing the deeper truth, and that is that Tom just can’t handle juggling with so many issues at the same time.Here, Tom’s friends are making a serious mistake (i.e. fundamental attribution error) attributing his failure to pass calculus to his internal quality of being lazy and interested.They are so easily disregarding the possibility that he might be in a rather difficult situation. They judge him, without even thinking that all he needs is their silent but open support in dealing with a stressful situation.3. Kate and the Parents’ AssociationIt was Thursday afternoon and Kate was late for the parents’ association meeting in her daughter’s school.The point of the meeting was to discuss the play children were supposed to perform and the parents were in charge of the costumes.What additionally aggravates the fact that Kate is late is that her daughter is the leading role.Just a few minutes before Kate left for the meeting, her husband came back home from work. He was dead drunk again.Fourth day in a row.Moreover, as he tried to step out of the car, she didn’t know how he was able to drive in the first place, he tripped and fell and got a big bloody bruise across the forehead.It took time until she finally dragged him inside the house, cleaned the wound and put to bed before he upsets the children.And then she had to put on her perfect smile and come up with an excuse as to why she was late.Other parents almost immediately judged Kate as an irresponsible, uncaring, and undeserving mother. How dare she not show up on time to arrange the details for a play in which her daughter is the lead role?!And she comes with some stupid excuse of a flat tire. Didn’t her tire go flat two weeks ago when she was also late for the parents’ association meeting? How irresponsible of her!What the other parents are missing here is the fact how Kate’s life is almost falling apart.She’s contemplating a divorce from an alcoholic, though not (yet) abusive husband, thus becoming a single mother of two working only part-time at a local pizza place. They are making the fundamental attribution error here since they are disregarding the tough life Kate is currently faced with, and not by her choice.They perceive her as an uncaring mother simply because she showed up late, not knowing how she was, in fact, protecting their children from an unpleasant and disappointing situation.4. Fundamental Attribution Error in ArtBesides occurrences in every-day life, fundamental attribution error is also commonly found in art.Specifically, films are a perfect example of how human nature is shown as stereotypical, where bad people do bad things just because they are bad.Take the film Minority Report as an example. In this dystopian sci-fi thriller, the lead character, John Anderton (portrayed by Tom Cruz) becomes the main villain of the story after certain complications in the plotline.As the Precogs forecast, John is supposedly going to kill someone in the near future so the entire PreCrime department is determined to find him.They are only fa miliar with the outcome, but they disregard the reasons behind. They were quick to jump to the conclusion of how Anderton needs to be eliminated as a threat to their society, not seeing the fault in the system.This is how they make the fundamental mistake since the outlining reasons for Anderton’s behaviour were excluded as a possibility.They merely concluded that there has been a shift in his nature and he now needs to be dispensed with since he became a threat to the existing order.Now that we are fully familiar with the concept of the fundamental attribution error, why indeed we do not give each other a break?Why is it that we always find a way to justify own mistakes or wrong behaviour but are so quick to judge others when they display the same behaviour pattern?How come that we need to be forgiven and excused every time we are late for work, while someone else is the irresponsible and immature one?Why do we need to be pitied or understood every time we cut off someone while d riving, and when others do the same they either can’t drive or are rude and inconsiderate?CONCLUSIONThere is a (somewhat) religious saying, Good moves in mysterious ways. For the purpose of this article, allow me to modify the proverb â€" Mind moves and works in mysterious ways.Indeed, no matter how hard we tried to understand how our mind works, there is always something which makes us go back to the beginning.Every time we think how we have (finally) established a pattern of how our brain works, it always surprises us by reacting differently when exposed to the same stimulus as multiple times before, thus breaking the pattern we built.One thing is certain, years will pass and psychologists and other scientists will still be busy studying the human brain.What we have all noticed so far is the fact that our brain inevitably links certain stimuli with (sometimes inadequate) conclusions.This involuntary action of our mind, i.e. the fact that we make wrong conclusions based on insuff icient evidence, is a well-known psychological concept.It is mostly relevant and used in social psychology and is defined as Fundamental Attribution Error, attribution effect or the correspondence bias.The fundamental attribution error explains how biased we are when making conclusions about the behaviours of others and our own behaviours.If we talk about others, it is always their nature that causes their unethical or otherwise wrong and unacceptable behaviour. If we are being inappropriate, or ill-behaved, it is always the set of unfavourable circumstances which determines our actions.It is never our nature!And precisely due to this existing opposition, why is it that we cannot apply the same principle in both cases?How can we be so unwilling to accept our own flaws and defects, and insisting instead how “perfect” we are and it is never our fault?Why do we have to think “Jack is such a jerk” every time he is being impolite, instead of asking whether he needs our help with something?So, since we are so eager to justify ourselves, maybe sometimes we can take a deeper look and see if somebody else is also struggling with a tough situation and offer them help and consolation.When it comes to attacking others and justifying ourselves, it’s as if we are completely different person.A man is a social being, and he needs support and approval from others.So, every now and then, instead of judging someone, maybe we should ask ourselves what happens if we end up in the same situation. It’s not pleasant, isn’t it?Be there one for another. We are not supposed to be alone and to go through life without support and understanding. Do not make the fundamental attribution error by quickly judging somebody’s character when you haven’t walked in their shoes.

Reading Gayle Rubin s Thinking Sex Notes For A Radical...

Reading Gayle Rubin’s â€Å"Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality†, I was fascinated by the concept of sex as a complex social system worth discussing so I made a collage to represent my interpretation of America’s understanding of sex. The collage focuses on the tension created by sex appeal, the aesthetics of sex, being presented as a version of natural taste and sexuality, the act of sex, being presented as a natural fact. The two aspects of sex’s definition of nature becomes a double standard. Sex appeal’s nature is flexible and situational. In comparison, sexuality’s nature is stationary and predefined. These definitions create two categories, internal and ambiguous, with definitions of nature that are filled with tension and inconstancy. As these two sets of understandings bleed together, the definition of natural becomes more and more obscured until blatant inconstancies start to appear in people’ s rationales. In the end, it leaves four categories of sex, sex appeal, sexuality, internal, and ambiguous, each with its own definition of natural. The first category, sex appeal uses the same definition for nature as David Hume uses for taste; its nature is focused on trends and instincts. Sex appeal is people’s concept of what is beautiful or sexy seen in help blogs, advertisement, and gossip. Yet, the language they use is the language of taste with phrases such as â€Å"trending right now† which infers that sexiness is a changing opinion-driven

Quotes from Much Ado About Nothing

Much Ado About Nothing is a play of comic capers with a touch of romance. The romantic interludes between the main characters of the play, Claudio and Hero, are offset by the love-hate relationship between the other pair, Beatrice and Benedick. Claudio and Hero struggle for their union, while Beatrice and Benedick get into intellectual brawls. Heres a collection of quick-witted quotes from one of Shakespeares best-loved comedies. Act One Scene One He is of a very melancholy disposition.He wears his faith but as the fashion of his hat.Shall I never see a bachelor of threescore again?Benedick the married man.A very valiant trencher-man. Act Two Scene One He that hath a beard is more than a youth, and he that hath no beard is less than a man.Silence is the perfectest herald of joy: I were but little happy, if I could say how much.What, my dear Lady Disdain! Are you yet living?I have a good eye, uncle; I can see a church by day-light.As merry as the day is long. Scene Three Lie ten nights awake, carving the fashion of a new doublet. He was wont to speak plain and to the purpose.Sigh no more, ladies, sigh no more,Men were deceivers ever,One foot in sea and one on shore,To one thing constant never.Sits the wind in that corner? Act Three Scene Two Every one can master a grief but he that has it.From the crown of his head to the sole of his foot, he is all mirth. Scene Three I thank God I am as honest as any man living that is an old man and no honester than I.To be a well-favoured man is the gift of fortune; but to write and read comes by nature.If they make you not then the better answer, you may say they are not the men you took them for.You shall comprehend all vagrom men.The most peaceable way for you if you do take a thief, is to let him show himself what he is and steal out of your company.Shall quips and sentences and these paper bullets of the brain awe a man from the career of his humour? No, the world must be peopled. When I said I would die a bachelor, I did not think I should live till I were married.I know that Deformed.Are you good men and true? Scene Five A good old man, sir; he will be talking: as they say, When the age is in the wit is out.If I were as tedious as a king, I could find it in my heart to bestow it all of your worship. Act Four Scene One O, what authority and show of truth /Â  Can cunning sin cover itself withal!O, what men dare do! what men may do! what men daily do, not knowing what they do! Scene Two A fellow that hath had losses, and one that hath two gowns and every thing handsome about him.Flat burglary as ever was committed.Condemned into everlasting redemption.O, that he were here to write me down an ass!Masters, it is proved already that you are little better than false knaves; and it will go near to be thought so shortly.The eftest way. Act Five Scene One Men can counsel and speak comfort to that grief / Which they themselves not feel.Charm ache with air, and agony with words.He hath indeed better bettered expectation.For there was never yet philosopher /Â  That could endure the toothache patiently.Patch grief with proverbs. Scene Two I was not born under a rhyming planet. Scene Three Done to death by slanderous tongues.

Toulmin Model Free Essays

Josh Jones ENG 133-040 Mrs. Wagnon 26 February 2013 Harassing Illegals Legally? In the article, â€Å"Special Licenses for Immigrants Draw Protests in North Carolina,† by David Zucchino, he tells a story of a fight over driver’s licenses for illegal immigrants in North Carolina. The key issue with the license is that it has a pink stripe running across the top of the card, and a phrase saying â€Å"No Lawful Status,† as well as a restriction on the back reiterating the same fact. We will write a custom essay sample on Toulmin Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many people, including the author based on his biased sources, are opposed to this label and say that it is discriminatory and will provide a stigma to immigrants with this license. Supporting evidence is shown through a various number of sources, mainly the illegal immigrants themselves. These immigrants are protected under the deferred action program, which provides work permits and defers deportation for two years for immigrants brought into the country as children. One immigrant, Cinthia Marroquin, who is a coordinator for an advocacy group, asks, â€Å"why make it so discriminatory,† and then says that they are trying to â€Å"out [illegal immigrants]. † The American Civil Liberties Union of North Carolina (ACLU) says that it is â€Å"unnecessary† and could â€Å"lead to harassment†¦ and racial profiling. † The Latin American Coalition in Charlotte says that it â€Å"would create a class of ‘inferior’ citizens,† considering that over 15,000 deferred-action applicants have been approved in North Carolina. The warrants coming with the claim are both explicit and implied. When you look at the big picture, knowing how society reacts to labels, this label would invoke a negative stigma on anyone using or showing this card in public. The backing for this follows suit with all of the support. Other immigrants are opposing it, saying that they won’t be able to make purchases with checks, order a beer or get on an airplane using this as a form of ID. Even though Republicans typically are opposed to any issue favoring immigrants, Zucchino seems to put a spin on their legislature. The Red North Carolina legislature has temporarily suspended the bill in order to give time for legislators to block or limit the license. Zucchino words this fact in a way to make it seem that even the very legislators that run this country, do not want this license to come to fruition for the same reasons as the immigrants themselves. A brief rebuttal comes in the form of a statement from a spokeswoman from the NC Department of Transportation. She claims that the design of the license stemmed from the state attorney general’s opinion. From there, the idea went through weeks of talks with federal and state agencies, and even advocacy groups. She says that this is all about the â€Å"individuals [being] able to get their driver’s licenses. † How to cite Toulmin Model, Papers Toulmin Model Free Essays Josh Jones ENG 133-040 Mrs. Wagnon 26 February 2013 Harassing Illegals Legally? In the article, â€Å"Special Licenses for Immigrants Draw Protests in North Carolina,† by David Zucchino, he tells a story of a fight over driver’s licenses for illegal immigrants in North Carolina. The key issue with the license is that it has a pink stripe running across the top of the card, and a phrase saying â€Å"No Lawful Status,† as well as a restriction on the back reiterating the same fact. We will write a custom essay sample on Toulmin Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many people, including the author based on his biased sources, are opposed to this label and say that it is discriminatory and will provide a stigma to immigrants with this license. Supporting evidence is shown through a various number of sources, mainly the illegal immigrants themselves. These immigrants are protected under the deferred action program, which provides work permits and defers deportation for two years for immigrants brought into the country as children. One immigrant, Cinthia Marroquin, who is a coordinator for an advocacy group, asks, â€Å"why make it so discriminatory,† and then says that they are trying to â€Å"out [illegal immigrants]. † The American Civil Liberties Union of North Carolina (ACLU) says that it is â€Å"unnecessary† and could â€Å"lead to harassment†¦ and racial profiling. † The Latin American Coalition in Charlotte says that it â€Å"would create a class of ‘inferior’ citizens,† considering that over 15,000 deferred-action applicants have been approved in North Carolina. The warrants coming with the claim are both explicit and implied. When you look at the big picture, knowing how society reacts to labels, this label would invoke a negative stigma on anyone using or showing this card in public. The backing for this follows suit with all of the support. Other immigrants are opposing it, saying that they won’t be able to make purchases with checks, order a beer or get on an airplane using this as a form of ID. Even though Republicans typically are opposed to any issue favoring immigrants, Zucchino seems to put a spin on their legislature. The Red North Carolina legislature has temporarily suspended the bill in order to give time for legislators to block or limit the license. Zucchino words this fact in a way to make it seem that even the very legislators that run this country, do not want this license to come to fruition for the same reasons as the immigrants themselves. A brief rebuttal comes in the form of a statement from a spokeswoman from the NC Department of Transportation. She claims that the design of the license stemmed from the state attorney general’s opinion. From there, the idea went through weeks of talks with federal and state agencies, and even advocacy groups. She says that this is all about the â€Å"individuals [being] able to get their driver’s licenses. † How to cite Toulmin Model, Essay examples

Globalisation Friend Or Foe Essay Example For Students

Globalisation: Friend Or Foe Essay Dramatic Changes have taken place in Sydneys cultural and economic landscapes during the past two decades. These changing landscapes have been linked in both political discourse and the popular press to Sydneys emerging role as a global city. Evidence supporting this theory has come from some academic analyses of globalisation in the 1990s. Global cities are identified by their role as command centers for organising the global economy. Such cities have been characterised by their openness to global flows of commodities, money, ideas and information. They have become destinations for both national and international migration of skilled information workers, but also magnets for new streams of global labor migration. The Asia-Pacific Rim has been one of the primary sources of these new flows of international migration into Sydney (Fagan, 2000, pg. 144). The aim of this essay is to gauge the impact of the said globalisations on the various landscapes of Sydney, as globalisation has effected different areas of Sydney in different ways. The principle areas discussed in this paper are Leichardt, Chinatown, Cabramatta, Darling Harbour, the CBD and Pyrmont. The impacts of cultural globalisations will be discussed first, followed by those of economic globalisations. Economic globalisation will be divided into 2 parts: primary impacts and subsequent impacts. Migrant communities are an attribute of many large western cities and particularly of global cities. In the case of Leichardt, however, Italian settlement occurred prior to Sydneys emergence as a Global City. The display of the symbols of Italian settlement in the form of signage, businesses and social organisations is a cultural attribute of Sydneys global city status (Searle, 1996). The maintenance and marketing of this heritage status for urban planners and tourism authorities is a key feature of global cities (Searle, 1996). A primary example of the developers and tourism authorities attempting to capitalise on the heritage value of Leichardt is illustrated in Plate 1. Resident Italian-Australians, and tourists alike, can be seen dining and shopping among the Italian Forum in the foreground and middle distance of the photograph.The situation of Chinatown is similar to that of Leichardt in terms of its heritage value. Chinatown, like Leichardt, was established prior to Sydneys global city status. Its heritage is a magnet for Chinese-Australians and tourists alike as seen the central foreground of Plate 2. The Pallou Plaza is lined with specialty Chinese shops, conference centers/social clubs. Cabramatta is one of the direct results of Sydneys global city status. Cabramatta is comprised of migrants predominantly from Southeast Asia seeking the economic opportunities that are available in global cities such as Sydney. In Plate 3 the predominately Asian human landscape of Cabramatta can be seen quite well. Many of the economic activities of Cabramatta rely on the global flows of migrants. Immigrant consultants and travel agents are perhaps the best example of these activities. The proliferation of American fast food restaurants in global cities is evidence of both cultural and economic globalisation. The fact that an increasing number of Australians are eating at American fast food chains is exemplary of cultural globalisation, while the business side of the transnational chains is evidence of economic globalisation. Plate 4 provides a strong example of the dominance of American chain restaurants in Sydney. Along the central horizontal axis of the photograph 5 different American food chains can be seen: (from right to left) Hungry Jacks, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, McDonalds, and Planet Hollywood. Economic GlobalisationEconomic globalisation has perhaps made the most visible impacts on Sydney. One cannot ignore the presence of MNCs in the Sydney Skyline. In the center, middle distance of Plate 5 (from left to right) IBM, Nestle, Samsung and Martins Sydney headquarters can be seen overlooking the city. In the more immediate center, middle distance, McDonalds and Sega World (of Darling Harbour) contribute transnational presence on the Sydney landscape. The presence of multinational corporations has triggered a number of multiplier effects in Sydney. Large-scale convention centers, entertainment centers, luxury residences for transnational business class executives and new transportation networks all among the new developments that have been constructed as a result of the presence of multinational corporations. .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129 , .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129 .postImageUrl , .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129 , .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129:hover , .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129:visited , .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129:active { border:0!important; } .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129:active , .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129 .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0274f66c4cc5c2d4078cae086748d129:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Known as the father of psychology, Freud develop Essay The Sydney Convention Centre (Plate 6) of Darling Harbour was planned by the New South Wales Government to be a world class venue and thus draw world class events (www.dha.nsw.gov. au). Such a venue would only be constructed in a city of global status. The planning and urban restructuring of the City West Urban Strategy that is taking place in Pyrmont has an overwhelmingly global context. The recent and projected changes are consistent with the patterns other global cities have adopted in urban waterfront areas where former port and industrial functions have declined (Sant and Jackson, 1991, pg. 136). Pyrmont has historically been associated with port/waterfront industries such as sugar refining and wool processing/storage. Since these port functions relocated to Botany Bay in the 1970s, Pyrmont has been in a state of decline. The redevelopment of Darling Harbour and resultant tourism has provided an opportunity for renewal in Pyrmont (Sant and Jackson, 1991, pg. 137). The Watermark Luxury Apartments (Plates 7 and 8) just one of the many new residential developments that have taken place Pyrmont. Plate 9 illustrates the older working class residences that were a construct of the previously industrial Pyrmont. Plate 10 of Foxtel Studios provides an example of how the old warehousing/port facilities are being redeveloped for new uses. Also notice how the old docks have been transformed into marina berths in the center middle distance in of the photograph. Plate 11 is of another warehouse in Pyrmont being redeveloped. Star City (Plate 12) is one of the anchor developments in Pyrmont. It is meant to be a world class entertainment destination. The sign in the right foreground of Plate 12 illustrates the multiple entertainment options available at Star City: gambling at the Casino, shopping in the Harbour Walk Shops, drama at the Lyric Theatre, and clubbing at The Cave nightclub. The magnitude and scale of the City West Urban Strategy has brought about a new transportation network. The privately owned and operated Metro LightRail system (Plate 13) runs from Pyrmont to Central Station, stopping at Darling Harbour and Chinatown on the way. Sydneys emergence as a global city has had numerous and diverse effects on the various landscapes of the city. Cultural and economic globalisations have effected Sydney in different ways. References

Human Resource Management Growth

Introduction Business expansion is a strategy in which growth is obtained by increasing the numbers of stores and workforce to manage the expansion. Expansion strategy may results in management challenges proper course of action is taken to coordinate the work force.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Human Resource Management Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Skills in personnel management are of great significance to maintain efficiency and effectiveness in such organization (Ahmad Schroeder 2003, p.29). Personnel management includes planning, organization, compensation, integration, training, and maintenance of people for the purpose of contributing to organizational, individual, and societal goals. Personnel management is different from human resource management in that personnel management is regarded as administrative and reactive in nature while human resource is proactive and involves mana gement of work force that contribute to organizational success(Lawler 1999, p.4;). Discussion Tod’s luxury shoes company for example will have to consider increasing its work force as a result of expansion. It is very critical that a business hire qualified and component personnel available for positions in the company. It is however difficult and time consuming to pick the right person for position. The first major steps in personnel management is the process of hiring people for the job (Armstrong 2006, p.26). The executive of the shoes company will have to decide how big the company needs to expand. For example, he will have to decide the number of stores and other establishment needed for his expansion (Ulrich 1997, p. 26). This will enable him to know the key job position needed and their job description. After this, recruitment process may then take place to get the most qualified persons for the position. Recruitment process will involves application by the candidate, selection, and then decision to take the most qualified personnel for the job (Andersen Knudsen 2006, p.6). Organizing The manager at Tod’s luxury shoes company needs to identify all activities that need to be performed. For example, inventory control, sales, marketing, quality control, preparation of accounts and other activities.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The manager should then group related activities into similar department. Relationships are established among various groups to enable smooth interaction toward the achievement of the company’s goal (Womack Jones 1996, p. 77). Training Training and induction of new work force is very essential for performance in SME (small and medium sized enterprises) such as Tod’s luxury shoes company. Study by Carol yeh-yun-lin of National Chengchi University, department of business administratio n, found that training programs were essentials for SME’s to keep pace with larger firms in terms of sustainable competiveness (Tyson Fell 1986, p. 14). Employees training program should be developed to make a smooth induction for the new employees to understand the processes involved in their job description. Orientation should also be done to familiarize new employees with their working environment (Legge 2004, p. 87). Compensation A good compensation package is important to motivate the employees to increase the organizational productivity. The manager of Tod’s luxury shoes company, need to develop a system for motivating employees. The reward systems should be determined if it is to be monitory, non-monitory or both. Salary is apart of the compensation system, the employees have other psychological and self-actualization needs to fulfill. Thus, compensation serves the purpose (Miles, Snow, Meyer Coleman 1978, p. 46). Coordinating and Controlling Coordinating will involve synchronization of individual efforts and departments to achieve organizational goal. Communication channels and feedback mechanism should be well established to provide smooth running of activities. Coordination increase efficiency and decrease wastage of time and resources. Coordinating makes, an organization act as one and this enables it to achieve its goals (Miles 2003, p.87). Control is achieved by setting standard and providing methods of measurement and taking corrective action in case of deviation (Timberman 2005, p. 6). Control is essential for achievement of goal with minimum wastage of resources especially when dealing with new employees.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Human Resource Management Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human resource management in small and medium sized enterprise such as Tod’s Luxury Company is comparatively recent phenomenon and SMEâ€⠄¢s practioneers and managers have largely ignored personnel and HR issues such as training and development, performance management. SMEs have to relate to human resources – particularly staffing issues, and the retention of key employees. Application of Human resource management principles is essential for the growth of a firm (Samuel 1979, p. 58). Role for HRP within Business Strategy HRP (human resource planning) plays a core role in both large and small business entities. It enables the business to strategize ever-dynamic business environment. To SME’s, it prepares the organization for future expansion in terms of human resource and facilities needed (Tuner 2009, p. 35). Problem that may face organization in moving in the next level of growth Problems that may face organization in moving to the next stage in the growth cycle may include both financial and managerial in nature. Hiring more workforce will require finance and other resources to conduct recruitment and training. Managerial challenges of coordinating and organizing the new workforce to fit into the culture of the organization may be difficult to achieve (Vlachos 2009, p. 30). List of References Ahmad, S Schroeder, R G 2003, The impact of human resource management practices on operational performance: recognizing country and industry differences, Journal of Operations Management, vol. 21,pp. 19-43. Armstrong, M 2006, A Handbook of human resource management practice, Kogan Page Publishers, London. Andersen, TJ Knudsen, T 2006, Organizational structure, and strategy processes:  Effective strategy formation under uncertainty. Web.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lawler, E 1999, Linking business strategy, and human resources management. Web. Legge, K 2004, Human resource management: rhetoric’s and realities, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Miles, R 2003, Organizational strategy, structure, and process, Stanford University Press, Stanford. Miles, RE, Snow, CC, Meyer AD Coleman, HJ 1978, Organizational strategy, structure, and process, Stanford University Press, Stanford. Samuel, E1979, Management control, Harvard Business School Press, Boston. Timberman, T 2005, The executive human resources business partner. Web. Tuner, R 2009, The handbook of project-based management: leading strategic change, Prentice Hall, New York. Tyson, S Fell, A 1986, Evaluating the personnel function, Hutchinson Education. Ulrich, D 1997, Human resource champions: the next agenda for adding value and delivering results, Harvard Business School Press, Boston. Vlachos, I 2009, The effects of human resource practices on firm growth, Int. Journal of Business Sc ience and Applied Management, vol.4, no.2, pp.1-19. Womack, JP Jones, DT 1996, Lean thinking: Banish waste and create wealth in your corporation, Simon Schuster, New York. This critical writing on Human Resource Management Growth was written and submitted by user Kimora Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom The Privacy Act of 1974 essay

buy custom The Privacy Act of 1974 essay Purpose This legislation was enacted on 31st December 1974 to establish a Code of Fair Information Practice which was meant to govern the collection, use, dissemination, and maintenance of individuals private information held by the federal government agencies in their systems of records. In these systems, information is categorized in a manner that enables its retrieval by an identifier assigned to an individual such as name or social security number. disclose the types of records they keep by publishing in the federal Registry. The act elaborates how an individual can lawfully access and amend the records of information about them; and stipulates the record keeping requirements that an agency need to fulfill. The Code of Fair Information Practices was recommended in a report that had been published by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The report emphasized on five principles: no record should be regarded as absolutely private; a person has a right to establish the informati on contained in his/her record, as well as its use; an individual should have the capacity to restrict the information use to the purpose it was intended for at the time of initial collection; individuals should be provided with mechanisms of amending erroneous information; the federal agencies dealing with individual records must prevent their misuse and ensure their reliability. Exemptions from Privacy Although the agencies are prohibited by the act from disclosing personal records without the owner's consent, several exceptions have been provided. These exceptions followed the work of Private Protection Study Commission which established that the act had been vague, and would not have met its intended purposes. It was agreed that the act should be reviewed and updated. The fundamental aims of the act were to remain relevant as more definitions were provided to upgrade it to the realities such as current information systems and technology. Among the provisions for disclosure include: Subsections j and k of this legislation provide the instances when the federal agencies can lawfully claim exemptions. The act allows for seven provisions,which permit access to individuals records and their amendment, in accordance to the requirement that the agency should only hold necessary and relevant information. These provisions are that if the data is to be used during: the investigation aimed at determining eligibility and qualification of a potential employee in military service and federal contracts, the evaluation of an enlisted man for promotion, and evaluation of individual for federal service appointments. Other exemptions are meant to facilitate the security of the President, maintain statistical records, and provide investigatory materials for the purpose of law enforcement. Effects of Private Act of 1974 on Health Care The enactment of the Private Act of 1974 introduced complex legalities and increased costs when dealing with individuals private information. Misuse or unauthorized disclosure of personal records attracts heavy penalties; a situation which reduces the chance of information sharing for the purpose of comparison. There are several critics who voice such concerns in medical publications such as Annals of Internal Medicine, and advocates for the revision to be done on the act. Researchers argue that the legislation interferes with their capacity to perform chart-based exploration as well as contact patients for prospective evaluation and follow-up. According to a survey by the University of Michigan, the legislation has resulted into a drop in the follow-up survey on patients following a heart attack from about 95% to 34%. The enactment of the act has also rapidly increased the duration of enrolling patients of semi permanent diseases such as cancer to various organisations, and increase d the recruitment costs. Furthermore, arriving at an informed consent in research studies require across-the-board details regarding the manner in which the private health information is to be kept private. These lengthy legalistic sections meant to ensure privacy end up making medical documents complex and incomprehensible to the patient who have to read, understand, and sign them (Glee et al, 2002). This follows that, the Privacy Act of 1974 is impacting negatively on quality and cost of medical researrch. Researchers insist that as much as legislations are passed to ensure privacy, quality, and comprehensive research works should not be compromised. The complexity of provisions in the Private Act of 1974 makes medical centers and physicians withhold medical information in an overly guarded manner due to uncertainty regarding their privacy responsibilities. To establish these responsibilities requires advanced practices and systems as well as an increase in staff time. These measures, however, do not guarantee full compliance as errors or omissions can still be made resulting into legal battles. The risk, coupled with reduced costs deters these physicians and private medical centers making them opt for complete withholding of medical information. This ends up depleting scientists the raw data on which to base their research works which in effect aggravates medical risks in the society. Additionally, due to the legal complexity in Europe and United States, several researchers have opted to base their work in the less developed nations. These nations have inadequate infrastructure to facilitate effective research; a factor that slo ws down progress. Furthermore, due to insufficient ethical guidelines, several research firms operate with near impunity; and this endangers the human subjects who are engaged in various experimentations. Current Application of Private Act of 1974 As amended, the Private Act of 1974 protects some individual records held by the federal government. The legislation covers the systems of records maintained and retrieved by an agency using a personal identifier, their routine uses, and how to address customer complaints. Presently, the protection offered by this legislation does not entirely cover private records that are not in the hands of the federal government, for example, bank account details, credit reports, and medical records. Some of these exemptions resulted following complaints that the act restricted quality while increasing costs of operation. However, some records in private hands are still protected under certain state and federal laws with the aim of safeguarding national interest, such as those enforced by the Federal trade Commission. Buy custom The Privacy Act of 1974 essay